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Waka (canoe)
Waka (; ) are Māori watercraft, usually canoes ranging in size from small, unornamented canoes (waka tīwai) used for fishing and river travel, to large decorated war canoes (waka taua) up to long. Since the 1970s about eight large double-hulled canoes of about 20 metres have been constructed for oceanic voyaging to other parts of the Pacific but they are made of a blend of modern and traditional materials incorporating features from both ancient Melanesia as well as Polynesia.〔The plural is also ''waka''. Similar craft are encountered elsewhere in Polynesia, with cognate names such as ''vaka'', ''wa'a'', or ''va'a''〕
==Waka taua (war canoes)==
Waka taua (in Māori, "waka" means "canoe" and "taua" means "army") are large canoes manned by up to 80 paddlers and are up to 〔("Waka taua" ), Te Ara〕 in length. Large waka, such as Nga Toki Matawhaorua which are usually elaborately carved and decorated, consist of a main hull formed from a single hollowed-out log, along with a carved upright head and tailboard. The gunwale is raised in some by a continuous plank which gives increased freeboard and prevents distortion of the main hull components when used in a rough seas. Sometimes the hull is further strengthened, as in the case of Te Winika, a 200-year-old design, by a batten or stringer running lengthwise both inside and outside the hull just above the loaded waterline.〔Waikato Museum booklet, "Te Winika"〕〔Te Winika is on long-term display at Waikato Museum. See (Waikato Museum: Long Term Exhibitions ).〕 The resurgence of Māori culture has seen an increase in the numbers of waka taua built, generally on behalf of a tribal group, for use on ceremonial occasions.
Traditionally the war canoe was highly tapu. No cooked food was allowed in the craft and the waka had to be entered over the gunwales,not the bow or stern which were highly decorated with powerful symbols. Canoes were often painted with black or white with black representing death. The main colour was red which stood for tapu .Sometimes a waka would be placed upright as a marker for a dead chief with the curved bottom of the hull carved.〔Stories Without End.The Lost Drawings of Nukutawhiti. J. Binney. Bridget Williams.2010.〕 Maori told missionaries during the Musket wars that battles between waka took place at sea with the aim being to ram an enemy's waka amidships at high speed. The ramming vessel would ride up over the gunwale and either force it under water or cause it to roll over. The enemies were either killed, left to drown or captured to be used in cannibal feasts or as slaves if they were female.〔The Meeting Place.V.O'Malley.〕 This description matches the attack on the ship's boat of Abel Tasman in Golden Bay in 1642 when a Maori catamaran rammed a cock boat and 4 Dutch sailors were killed.〔Diary Of Abel Tasman.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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